With reference to Indian history, who of the following were known as “Kulah-Daran”?

[UPSC Civil Services Exam – 2022 Prelims]

(a) Arab merchants

(b) Qalandars

(c) Persian calligraphists

(d) Sayyids

Answer: (d)

Explanation:

• The Islamic religious class in India was made up of various important groups, including theologians, ascetics, sayyids, Pirs, and their descendants.
• Among these groups, the theologians held the most significant positions in the state, as previously discussed.
• They were collectively known as Dastar-bandan or turban wearers, named after their official headwear.
• The Sayyids, who claimed to be descended from the Prophet through his daughter Fatima, were also a respected group in Muslim society.
• They were identified by their pointed caps (kulah) and referred to as ‘Kulah Daran’ during the Delhi Sultanate.
• Even Timur, during his invasion of India, spared the lives of Sayyids despite his policy of widespread slaughter.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.