Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India?

1. Genetic predisposition of some people
2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming
4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

[UPSC Civil Services Exam – 2019 Prelims]

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (d)        

Explanation:

• When an organism is resistant to more than one drug, it is said to be multidrug-resistant.
• Reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India are –
  • Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases.
  • The use of a high volume of antibiotics in livestock farming contributes to the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
  • These bacteria can be transmitted from animals to humans via direct contact with animals, or through the food chain and the environment.
  • Inadequate sanitary conditions.
  • Inappropriate food handling, and
  • Poor infection control.