In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation technique?

1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature.
2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms.
3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

[UPSC Civil Services Exam – 2017 Prelims]

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c)        

Explanation:

• Bioremediation is a process that employs naturally occurring organisms to convert harmful substances into less toxic or harmless compounds.
• This technique employs microorganisms to break down organic pollutants present in soil, groundwater, sludge, and solids. By enhancing the natural biodegradation process, bioremediation facilitates pollution clean-up. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• However, not all contaminants can be treated through bioremediation with microorganisms.
• Heavy metals like cadmium and lead, for instance, are not readily absorbed or trapped by microorganisms. Contrary to statement 2, bioremediation is not limited to biodegradable compounds.